The meaning, definition, and nature of education (formal, informal, non-formal) along with its subject area; the objectives of education and its essential components; the structure and organization of primary, secondary, and higher education in Uttar Pradesh. Educational thoughts of great thinkers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and Swami Vivekananda. New trends in education such as life-oriented education, continuing education, adult education, literacy movements, distance education, and open schools. 

A historical perspective of Indian education and its challenges – education during the Vedic, Buddhist, Medieval, and British periods, and the characteristics of Indian education after independence. Impact of these on modern education. Structure of education in independent India and evaluation of recommendations by various commissions and committees. The scenario of primary, secondary, and higher education in India with reference to planning, evaluation, and contemporary issues. Major current problems of education – national integration, unemployment, caste conflict, student unrest, moral education, vocational education, and international perspective in education.

Philosophy and Sociology of Education –

 Relationship between education and philosophy, the nature and importance of philosophy of education. Different branches of educational philosophy – Idealism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, Realism – their aims of education, curriculum, methods, and discipline. Sociology of education – meaning, scope, relationship between culture and education, education and modernization, social stratification and education, education and social change, communalism and education, rural and urban education.

Educational Psychology – 

Meaning, importance, growth, and development; role of heredity and environment in child development. Physical, mental, social, and emotional development of a child during different stages and their educational significance. Personality and its measurement, importance of personality in education. Learning – meaning, importance, and laws of learning; different theories of learning by Thorndike, Pavlov, Kohler, Skinner, Kilpatrick, and Bandura. Educational implications of these theories. Motivation and transfer of learning, intelligence – meaning, nature, and measurement. Mental health and its importance in education. Thinking, problem solving, creativity, memory, forgetting, and the role of effort and educational evaluation.

Educational Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics –

 Meaning, scope, and importance of measurement and evaluation in education. Characteristics of a good test, objectivity, reliability, validity, and standardization. Construction of achievement tests and their types – essay type, short answer, and objective tests. Grading system, scales of measurement, educational data analysis, and interpretation. Use of statistics in education – measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of variability (standard deviation), correlation (Pearson correlation, rank correlation), probability curve, normal distribution curve, and interpretation of educational data with suitable statistical tools.