Unit 1: Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (development of male and female gametophytes, double fertilization, seed formation).
• Human reproduction (menstrual cycle, gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy).
• Reproductive health (contraceptives, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF, ICSI, etc.).

Unit 2: Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of inheritance (Mendel’s laws, dihybrid cross, incomplete dominance, codominance, pleiotropy).
• Molecular basis of inheritance (structure of DNA, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression – lac operon).
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and crossing over, sex determination, mutations.
• Evolution (Darwin’s theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle, evidences of evolution, human evolution).

Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare

• Human health and disease (immunity, vaccines, AIDS, cancer, pathogens, malaria, filariasis, common cold).
• Strategies for food production (plant breeding, single cell protein, tissue culture, biofortification).
• Microbes in human welfare (antibiotics, fermentation, sewage treatment, biogas production).

Unit 4: Biotechnology

• Biotechnology principles and processes (tools of recombinant DNA technology, enzymes, vectors, PCR, cloning).
• Biotechnology and its applications (GMOs, Bt cotton, bioreactors, gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting, ethical issues).

Unit 5: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and population (population interactions, growth models, adaptations).
• Ecosystem (energy flow, food chains, ecological pyramids, productivity, decomposition).
• Biodiversity and conservation (IUCN categories, Red Data Book, hotspots, conservation methods).
• Environmental issues (greenhouse effect, global warming, ozone depletion, pollution control).