Prehistoric Cultures –

 Characteristics of the Early Stone Age, Middle Stone Age, and Neolithic Age. The Indus Valley Civilization – town planning, religious life, and social life. The Vedic and Later Vedic period – social, religious, economic, and political conditions. Religious movements – Jainism, Buddhism, Bhagavata religion, Shaivism, Hinduism, and the contribution of Shankaracharya in revivalism.

Maurya Empire –

 Political history, Ashoka’s significance, society, and culture. Gupta dynasty – political history, art, religion, philosophy, and society. Socio-economic changes during the post-Gupta period. Chola dynasty – political history, Chola administration, and the political and social conditions of Northern India (800 CE to 1200 CE).

Turkish Invasions –

 Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammad Ghori, and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. Contributions of Qutubuddin Aibak, significance of Iltutmish, and Razia Sultan’s role in medieval Indian history. Balban’s early difficulties, his theory of kingship, and his achievements. The Khilji Revolution and its significance. Alauddin Khilji’s territorial expansion, market control policy, land revenue reforms, and Deccan policy. Tughlaq dynasty – Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq (life, policies, and schemes), a critical assessment of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq, and the impact of Timur’s invasion. The Bahmani Kingdom, Vijayanagar Empire, Sayyid dynasty, and Lodhi dynasty.

Mughal Dynasty – 

Political, social, economic, and cultural conditions under Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. Decline of the Mughal Empire. Maratha power – life and achievements of Chhatrapati Shivaji.

Modern Indian History –

 Arrival of the East India Company in India, political and economic impact of British rule. The Revolt of 1857 – causes, nature, and consequences. 19th-century renaissance and socio-economic reform movements – contributions of Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Aurobindo Ghosh, Annie Besant, and Rabindranath Tagore. The national movement and freedom struggle – role of Mahatma Gandhi. Independence of India, Partition, and post-independence developments in India up to the year 2000.